List of Contributors (alphabetical order)


Invited Participants

Nisuke Ando
He is a professor of law at Kyoto University as well as member of Human Rights Committee which is established under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. He also worked for Kobe University as a professor in the faculty of law in 1981-1990. In 1995 he was designated as a Fulbright 50th Anniversary Distinguished Fellow in the field of public international law. Author of Surrender, Occupation, and Private Property in International Law (Oxford University Press, 1991) and A Digest of Japanese Practice in International Law (Japan Institute of International Affairs and Keio Shuppan Inc., 1985, 1989) as well as a writer of many other books and articles on international law.


Robert L. Friedheim
Ph.D., University of Washington, Seattle, Professor, School of International Relations, University of Southern California (USC). Author of seven books, including Negotiating The New Ocean Regime (1993), Japan and the New Ocean Regime (1984) and Making Ocean Policy (1981), more than 50 articles, and 50 studies as director of a research project that served the U.S. Delegation to the Third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference. Dr. Friedheim recently completed a term as director of the School of International Relations, USC. He also served as director, USC Sea Grant Institutional Program, and associate director, Institute for Marine and Coastal Studies, USC.


Robin Friedheim
Robin Friedheim holds the B.A. in government from Barnard College, Columbia University and the M.A. in history from Columbia University. She has held various positions in university and corporate public affairs and as a writer/editor, and currently devotes her efforts to politics.


Douglas M. Johnston
Douglas M. Johnston received a Master of Arts degree in 1952 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1955 from St. Andrews University in Scotland. He continued his education at Yale University in the United States where he received his Master of Laws in 1959 and his Doctorate of Juristic Science in 1962. Mr. Johnston holds many other titles, emeritus professor of law at the University of Victoria in Canada, visiting professor of law at the National University of Singapore and adjunct professor of law at Dalhousie University. Mr. Johnston served as the former chair in Asia-Pacific Legal Relations at the University of Victoria.
Among his many publications are the following; The International LAW of Fisheries (Yale University Press, 1965 and 1987); Canada and the New International Law of the Sea (University of Toronto Press, 1984); The Theory and History of Ocean Boundary-Making (McGill-Queens University Press, 1988); and, International Treaties in the Modern World (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1966).


Rin-itsu Kawakami
Graduated from the Faculty of Law, Kyoto University. Served as an assistant professor at Kyoto University and a scholar at the Max Planck European Law Institute in Germany. Presently professor of law at Kyoto University and also an associate visiting professor at Berlin Free University since 1995. Main books include Doitsu Shimin Shiso to Ho-Ronri (Citizen's Thought and Legal Logic in Germany), Ho No Bunka-Shakai-Shi (Cultural and Social History of Law), Gendai-Ho No Shakai Riron (Social Theory of Modern Law), Doitsu Horitsu-Gaku No Rekishi-teki Genzai (History of Present German Jurisprudence), Tenno Kikan-Setsu No Rekishi-Teki Kozo (Historic Structure of the Theory of Emperorship as an Institution) and Noshi No Ho-Mondai (Legal Issues Associated with Brain Death). He translated legal classics including Hoshakaigaku No Kisoriron (Ehrlich) and Boken-ron 'Matriarchy' (Bachofen).


Richard J. McLaughlin
Richard J. McLaughlin is associate professor of law and director of the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Legal Program at the University of Mississippi Law Center where he teaches courses on ocean and coastal law, international law, international environmental law, admiralty law, and land use planning.
He has written widely on a broad range of international and domestic marine-related law topics. He served on the board of editors of the Territorial Sea Journal and is currently national co-chairman of the Marine Affairs and Policy Association. In 1991, he was named a Fulbright scholar to Japan.
Professor McLaughlin holds a B.A. from Humboldt State University, California (1978), a J.D. from Tulane Law School, New Orleans (1985), an LL.M. from the University of Washington School of Law (1987), and is completing the requirements for a J.S.D. degree at the University of California at Berkeley School of Law (Boalt Hall).


Christopher D. Stone
Christopher D. Stone is professor of law at the University of Southern California. He received his undergraduate degree in philosophy from Harvard, a law degree from Yale, and was Fellow in Law and Economics at the University of Chicago. At USC, he teaches international environmental law, as well as courses in moral philosophy, property and corporations. He has served as rapporteur for the American Bar Association's International Committee on International Law and the Environment, is a trustee of the Center for International Environmental Law (CIELNSA) and an advisor to the Foundation for International Environmental Law and Development (FIELD/London).
Among his books are the environmental classic, Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural 0bjects, and, most recently, The Gnat is Older than Man: Global Environment and Human Agenda (Princeton University Press, 1993).
He is past chairman of the Committee on Law and Humanities of the Association of American Law Schools, and has researched under or consulted for a variety of governmental agencies including the President's Commission on Communications Policy, the Energy Research and Development Administration, the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy, and the United States Sentencing Commission, as well as the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Professor Stone's current interests include examining strategies for underwriting the defense and repair of the global environment in the context of North-South tensions.


Steinar Andresen
Steinar Andresen is a political scientist from the University of Oslo, Norway. He has worked at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute since his graduation in 1979. He was a visiting scholar at the School of Marine Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle 1987-88. He started out working with law and policy at the sea as well as ocean management and planning. More recently he has worked on international resource and environmental regimes. Since 1991 he has been research director at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute.



Paper Contributor

Thomas A. Clingan, Jr.
J.D. The George Washington University. Professor of law emeritus, University of Miami School of Law. Author of The Law of the Sea, Ocean Law and Policy (Austin and Winfield, 1994), and numerous papers and articles related to International Law of the Sea. Prof. Clingan served as vice-chairman of the U.S. Delegation to the Third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference and as chairman of the English Language Group of its drafting committee. He also served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and Fisheries Affairs with the rank of Ambassador. Until recently, he was director of the Ocean and Coastal Law Program at the University of Miami School of Law.

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